Ovarian Cancer in Australia: Understanding the Risks, Symptoms, and Treatment
Ovarian cancer remains a significant health concern in Australia, with approximately 1,815 women diagnosed annually. The median age at diagnosis is 64 years, predominantly affecting women over 50. Unfortunately, the survival rate is relatively low, with only 46% of women surviving five years post-diagnosis.
Symptoms
Early-stage ovarian cancer often presents with non-specific symptoms, leading to delayed diagnosis. Common symptoms include:
Abdominal or pelvic pain
Persistent bloating or increased abdominal size
Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
Frequent or urgent urination
These symptoms are often mistaken for less severe conditions, contributing to diagnostic delays.
Factors Contributing to Delayed Diagnosis
The subtle and non-specific nature of ovarian cancer symptoms often leads to misdiagnosis or delayed medical consultation. Additionally, there is no effective routine screening test for ovarian cancer, making early detection challenging. Awareness of symptom patterns and prompt medical evaluation are crucial for timely diagnosis.
Associated Cancers
Ovarian cancer is linked to other gynaecological cancers, particularly those involving the fallopian tubes and the peritoneum. Some studies suggest that certain ovarian cancers may originate in the fallopian tubes. Genetic factors, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, also increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing ovarian cancer typically involves a combination of:
Pelvic Examination: Assessing for masses or irregularities.
Imaging Tests: Ultrasound or CT scans to visualise ovarian abnormalities.
Blood Tests: Measuring CA-125 levels, a tumour marker elevated in some ovarian cancers.
Surgical Evaluation: Biopsy or exploratory surgery to confirm the diagnosis and determine the cancer stage.
Treatment Options
Treatment plans are individualised based on the cancer stage, type, and patient health. Common approaches include:
Surgery: Removing one or both ovaries, fallopian tubes, the uterus, and any visible cancer spread.
Chemotherapy: Using drugs to target and kill cancer cells, administered before or after surgery.
Targeted Therapy: Employing medications that specifically attack cancer cell mechanisms.
Hormone Therapy: Blocking hormones that fuel certain types of ovarian cancer.
Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes. Women experiencing persistent, unusual symptoms should seek medical advice promptly.